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D

Demi-Permanent

Demi-permanent hair color is hair color that contains an alkaline agent other than ammonia (e.g.ethanolaminesodium carbonate) and, while always employed with a developer, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in that developer may be lower than used with a permanent hair color. Since the alkaline agents employed in demi-permanent colors are less effective in removing the natural pigment of hair than ammonia these products provide no lightening of hair's color during dyeing. As the result, they cannot color hair to a lighter shade than it was before dyeing and are less damaging to hair than their permanent counterpart.


Developer

Hydrogen Peroxide is often called a developer in the salon hair color market.

Professional Salon Hydrogen peroxide is different then the peroxide commonly used for medical purposes.

 

Hydrogen Peroxide is an acid and hair color is alkaline. Mixing Peroxide and hair color together creates an Oxidative reaction that opens the cuticle of the hair and bonds the color to the proteins found in the cortex of the hair.

 

Hydrogen peroxide is used in different strengths when mixing it with hair color or hair bleach. The higher the Volume density numbers the greater the energy to color and lighten the hair.

 

 

10 Volume or 3% is used for deposit only color processes

20 Volume or 6% is used to lighten one shade* and is best to use to color gray hair

30 Volume or 9% is used to lighten two shade levels*. Not recommended for coloring gray hair

40 Volume or 12% is used for lighten more than 2 levels*.

 

*Check your hair color manufactures levels of lift according to developer volume

 

Depending on the type of color and the purpose of the coloring different

Timings relate to different Volumes of Peroxide.

The energy (time) provided by the peroxide to develop the hair color in the hair is equal to the Volume of the peroxide.

 

10 Volume will activate hair color for 10 minutes. During this time the cuticle of the hair is being opened.After 10 minutes the color is depositing for 15 minutes in the cuticle or cortex depending on the size and strength of the cuticle.

 

20 Volume activates the hair color for 20 minutes and then the oxidative process gives way to the 15-minute color deposit process.

 

30 Volume activates hair color for 30 minutes. During this time the natural pigments in the cortex are lightened. Allow the color to develop for another 15 minutes for a full 45 minutes of development time.

 

40 Volume activates the hair color for 40 minutes. 40 Volume is the highest Volume that can be used safely on the scalp.Hair Color mixed with 40 Volume developers will remove natural pigments from the hair leaving the hair brassy. The color must remain on the hair 15 minutes longer in order to tone/color the hair. The total time for a color mixed with 40 Volume is 55 -60 minutes.

 

Clear Hydrogen Peroxide can loose it's effectiveness over time. The 20 Volume that the salon purchases in a gallon jug may be 15 Volume when the jug is half full.

15 Volume will not give you the gray coverage you desire and may not give the brightness of color or desired longevity.

Hydrogen peroxide buffered with small amounts of Salicylic or Phosphoric acid stay truer to volume throughout the life of the container. Often other oils or conditioners are added to give the buffered developer a creamy texture.

Modern hair color is chemically sophisticated; the color product is designed to work with the manufactures companion developer. For best results and for insurance purposes use the developer the color manufacture recommends.

 

 

 


F

Fischer-Saller Scale

"The Fischer-Saller Scale, named after Eugen Fischer and Karl Saller, is used in physical anthropology and medicine to determine the shades of hair color. The scale uses the following designations: A to G (blond), H, J (blond brown), K to V (brown), W (brown black), X, Y (black) and Roman numerals I to V (red) and VI (faint red).[1][2]" - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale


H

Hair Highlighting

"Hair highlighting/lowlighting refers to changing a person's hair color, using lightener or haircolor to color hair strands. There are four basic types of highlights: foil highlights, hair painting, frosting, and chunking. Highlights can be done in natural or unnatural colors. Color highlights come in four categories: temporary, semi-permanent, demi-permanent and permanent. Hair lightened with bleach is permanent." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_highlighting


History of Hair Color

The first successful commercial Hair Color Product was invented in 1909 by Eugene Schueller in Paris, France. He made hair color in his kitchen by night and sold it door to door during the day. Even in 1909 Women did not want gray hair. During this time there were very few salons. Most hair color was performed secretly in the privacy of the home.

Fifty years later, hair color was still not the main focus of the Beauty Salon Industry. The average salon client wanted weekly Shampoos & Sets and bi-yearly Permanent Waves. However, due to the popularity of Hollywood's Platinum Blond Starlets many Salon clients desired the blonde color trend. Hair Color and Lightening Products were extremely basic, often making Hair Coloring challenging and unnatural and could also damage the hair.
Coloring one's hair was frowned upon in many social circles so women often kept hair coloring secret.

In the late 1960's women's desire for blonde services was created by Actress Farah Fawcett part of the original cast of TV's Series "Charlie's Angels”. The "70's” highlight trend was hugely popular and the "70's” was called the "Greatest Decade of Blondes”. Frostings performed with a rubber cap gave way to foil highlights making Blonde Highlight services easier for clients to maintain. With highlights the retouch service was only once every three months instead of every three weeks.

During the 1980's "Big & Bold Hair” was the fashion. Hair Color, Permanent Waves, Blow Dries and Shampoo & Sets still ruled in the Salons along with lots of foil highlighting services. Fashion was fun and exciting, being dictated by Pop Music Stars and the start of the first Music Videos on TV.

Clothing Fashion had movement, different shapes and curves, shoulder pads and altered waistlines. This new fashion gave Women presence to accompany their new position in the work force and shaped the way for those who wanted more independence. Deeper, richer hair colors gave them a new distinction; the general public was accepting enhanced hair color for the first time.

Women were no longer limited to just covering gray hair, they were creating a new fashion focus for their persona by choosing a fashion color shade. Younger girls were stepping out for the first time in Punk Rock Colors such as Pink, Yellow, Blue and Purple.

The newly relaxed fashion of the "1990's” ended the "Big & Bold Hair” decade. Shoulder pads disappeared from women's clothing. As the clothes got straighter and more business casual so did the hair. Set hair was passé. Most women preferred Blow Dry Styling, freeing the client from Permanent Waves and weekly Shampoo & Set services. This, along with the fact that most American women were working full time, gave the salon client time and money to try out hair color as a fashion accessory.

The technology of the New Millennium has allowed greater experimentation in who we are as individuals. The Computer & Internet Age has opened an exciting and endless world of Fashion from around the World at our fingertips. Women are looking younger longer, 40 is the new 20. No woman wants to have dull, lifeless gray hair. Hair Coloring is now 60-75% of the salon's business. Every day Hair Color Manufacturers are introducing new sophisticated hair color products with superior technology to deliver results never before imagined. Hair color has come a long way in the past 100 years.



Human Hair Color

"Hair color is the pigmentation of hair follicles due to two types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Generally, if more eumelanin is present, the color of the hair is darker; if less eumelanin is present, the hair is lighter. Levels of melanin can vary over time causing a person's hair color to change, and it is possible to have hair follicles of more than one color." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_hair_color


Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen Peroxide is often called a developer in the salon hair color market.

Professional Salon Hydrogen peroxide is different then the peroxide commonly used for medical purposes.

 

Hydrogen Peroxide is an acid and hair color is alkaline. Mixing Peroxide and hair color together creates an Oxidative reaction that opens the cuticle of the hair and bonds the color to the proteins found in the cortex of the hair.

 

Hydrogen peroxide is used in different strengths when mixing it with hair color or hair bleach. The higher the Volume density numbers the greater the energy to color and lighten the hair.

 

 

10 Volume or 3% is used for deposit only color processes

20 Volume or 6% is used to lighten one shade* and is best to use to color gray hair

30 Volume or 9% is used to lighten two shade levels*. Not recommended for coloring gray hair

40 Volume or 12% is used for lighten more than 2 levels*.

 

*Check your hair color manufactures levels of lift according to developer volume

 

Depending on the type of color and the purpose of the coloring different

Timings relate to different Volumes of Peroxide.

The energy (time) provided by the peroxide to develop the hair color in the hair is equal to the Volume of the peroxide.

 

10 Volume will activate hair color for 10 minutes. During this time the cuticle of the hair is being opened.After 10 minutes the color is depositing for 15 minutes in the cuticle or cortex depending on the size and strength of the cuticle.

 

20 Volume activates the hair color for 20 minutes and then the oxidative process gives way to the 15-minute color deposit process.

 

30 Volume activates hair color for 30 minutes. During this time the natural pigments in the cortex are lightened. Allow the color to develop for another 15 minutes for a full 45 minutes of development time.

 

40 Volume activates the hair color for 40 minutes. 40 Volume is the highest Volume that can be used safely on the scalp.Hair Color mixed with 40 Volume developers will remove natural pigments from the hair leaving the hair brassy. The color must remain on the hair 15 minutes longer in order to tone/color the hair. The total time for a color mixed with 40 Volume is 55 -60 minutes.

 

Clear Hydrogen Peroxide can loose it's effectiveness over time. The 20 Volume that the salon purchases in a gallon jug may be 15 Volume when the jug is half full.

15 Volume will not give you the gray coverage you desire and may not give the brightness of color or desired longevity.

Hydrogen peroxide buffered with small amounts of Salicylic or Phosphoric acid stay truer to volume throughout the life of the container. Often other oils or conditioners are added to give the buffered developer a creamy texture.

Modern hair color is chemically sophisticated; the color product is designed to work with the manufactures companion developer. For best results and for insurance purposes use the developer the color manufacture recommends.

 

 

 


P

pH

pH stands for Power of Hydrogen or Particles of Hydrogen.

In Salon Chemical and Conditioning Services it is important to understand how the pH level of a product affects the hair .

pH ranges from 0 - 14. Healthy Hair has a pH of between 4.5 and 5.5

Distilled water has a pH of 7

pH numbers below 7 are acidic

pH numbers above 7 are alkaline (base)

Most hair conditioning products are acidic because acid closes the cuticle of the hair

Most hair color, perm and relaxers are alkaline because to do their work they must enter the cuticle and the cortex of the hair

The goal with any alkaline salon service is to assure that the hair is always returned to an acidic state after the service is finished.

Refer to "Cool Seasonal Palettes" in "The ATLAS"  for pH charts for hair and salon chemicals


S

Semi-Permanent

"Semi-permanent hair color has smaller molecules than temporary dyes. These dyes only partially penetrate the hair shaft. For this reason, the color will survive repeated washing, typically 4-5 shampoos or a few weeks. Semi-permanents contain no, or very low levels of developer, peroxide or ammonia, and are therefore safer for damaged or fragile hair. However, semi-permanents may still contain the possibly carcinogenic compound p-phenylenediamine or other such ingredients. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported that in rats and mice chronically exposed to PPD in their diet, it simply depressed body weights, and no other clinical signs of toxicity were observed in several studies" - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_coloring


Structure of Human Hair

Human Hair Shaft Structure

The entirety of the visible part of the hair that grows out of the scalp.

Cuticle- The visible part of the hair shaft. It is made up of flat, durable cells that overlap one another and act as scaled armor for the rest of the hair shaft. This protective layer is responsible for hair texture. When the cells of the cuticle are in their proper flattened position they can protect the vulnerable inner layers of the hair from weather and other damaging elements. 

Cortex- The middle layer of the hair made up of tightly coiled strands of keratin, a dense and flexible protein. The keratin itself is composed of polypeptide chains of individual amino acid units. These amino acid units form a chain thanks to peptide bonds. Those chains then form even larger chains through polypeptide bonds. 

  • Cortex bonds- There are 3 kinds of polypeptide bonds. Two of those bonds, salt and hydrogen, are physical and are broken and reformed on a regular basis. These bonds can be changed by temperature and moisture, among other external conditions the hair faces, and allow for the structure of the hair to be temporarily altered. Physical bonds are the reason you can straighten curly hair with a flat iron or rollers. The third type of bond is chemical and known as a disulphide bond. This chemical bond is much stronger and, unlike the two physical bonds, it is permanent. Only a chemical process can break and reform the disulphide bond.

Medulla- The innermost part of the hair. It is made up of tightly clustered cells that form a shaft through the very center of the hair. In some hair, the medulla is fragmented or absent altogether. Biologists do not yet fully understand the function of the medulla in human hair.


T

Temporary Hair Color

"Temporary hair color is available in various forms including rinses, shampoos, gels, sprays, and foams. Temporary hair color is typically brighter and more vibrant than semi-permanent and permanent hair color. It is most often used to color hair for special occasions such as costume parties and Halloween.  The pigment molecules in temporary hair color are large and cannot penetrate the cuticle layer. The color particles remain adsorbed (closely adherent) to the hair shaft and are easily removed with a single shampooing. Temporary hair color can persist on hair that is excessively dry or damaged in a way that allows for migration of the pigment to the interior of the hair shaft." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_coloring


W

What Is PPD?

PPD (paraphenylenediamine or pphentlenediamine) is an ingredient used in Permanent / Oxidative Hair colorants.

PPD is allowed for use in hair colorants across 27 EU member states and the USA.

Is PPD banned anywhere?

NO. Contrary to media reports claiming that PPD is banned in several European countries and the USA, this is not the case. The manufacture and supply of cosmetic products, including hair colorants, is covered by stringent safety laws - the EU Cosmetics Directive. PPD is not banned in any European country nor is it banned in the USA.

What does PPD do?

PPD is typically used in Permanent colorants and is needed for almost all shades, but definitely for the darker shades. Almost all oxidative hair colorants contain a PPD type of hair dye because they are the best way to achieve permanent hair color and are the only way of successfully coloring gray hair.

Is PPD present in all hair colorants?

PPD is widely used in permanent hair colorants and is needed for most shades, but is not present in all hair coloring products. However it is a related ingredient, will be present in the darker shades

As well as having to be listed in the ingredient list on the box, when a hair colorant contains PPD or a related hair dye, the product also has to be labeled with "Contains phenylenediamines" or "Contains phenylenediamines". PPD will be labelled in the ingredient list as Paraphenylenediamine (toluenediamines)". PPD will be labelled in the ingredient list as paraphenylenediamine.

Is PPD dangerous?

NO. PPD is safe to use in hair colorants as directed the product instructions. There is a legal requirement for cosmetic products, and there ingredients to be strictly assessed for safety by duly qualified, professional assessor before they can be sold.

The use of PPD is strictly regulated in the cosmetic safety legislation.

PPD may only be used in hair colorants and only up to a certain level (up to a maximum of 2% when applied to the hair). Products have to carry specific label warnings and clear usage instructions, which must be followed.

Does PPD accumulate in the body?

NO. Hair colorants are formulated to work specifically on the hair. Although they do come into contact with the scalp during application, a negligible amount of the product is likely to be absorbed, and that will be eliminated from the body within 24 hours.This is acknowledged by the European Commission's expert panel (the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, CCS).

The development of an allergy and related hair dyes, overtime is an immune response to repeated, separate exposures to PPD. Exposure could be via a number of contact points including printed inks or "black henna" tattoos. It is not because of PPD accumulates ( builds up) in the body.

Is PPD used in any other cosmetic product?

NO. The trick European cosmetic legislation that covers the manufacture of cosmetics product only allows the use of PPD in hair colorants. However, PPD is sometimes used illegally in so-called "black henna" temporary tattoos - the sort that you might be offered on at fairs or on beach holidays. You should always avoid these tattoos because PPD can cause nasty reactions id applied directly to the skin in such high concentrations.

It can leave you with swollen, sore, red, "burn" and can sensitize you to PPD. This means you could also react to otherwise safe products such as hair colorants which also contain PPD.

The is no such thing as 'black henna', henna extract is orange-red in color.

Hair colorants themselves are regulated under the strict EU and USA cosmetic safety regulations and are safe to use when the instructions are carefully followed.

Should allergy tests always be performed before hair colorants are applied?

If a hair colorant is labeled with directions to carry out an allergy alert test, then yes, do it.

Why do people react to PPD?

The vast majority of people in Europe and the USA (over 98%) do not have the potential to react to the substance PPD. Of those individuals who have the potential to react to PPD ( under 1.5%) only a small number will develop an allergy after hair colorant use (around 0.1% of the population).

If someone's the potential to react to PPD, they will not react the first time they encounter PPD but those early exposures prime their immune system which may over-react when they meet PPD again. Their immune system essentially mistakes PPD for an invader and retains a memory of it. When that substance is met again, it is the over-reaction rather than the ingredient itself that causes the damage.

Not everyone has the potential to develop an allergy. Those who have the potential will, sooner or later, produce an allergic reaction if they continue to be exposed to PPD.

The best advise is to always preform an allergy test 48 hours before coloring the hair, exactly directed on the box and in the instruction leaflet.

Are allergic reactions to hair colorants common?

NO, they are rare. Millions of people all over the world use hair colorants without experiencing any unwanted effects. In the UK 100 million hair colorant applications are carried out every year. Hear colorants are one of the most studied consumer products on the market and their safety is supported by a wealth of scientific research.

Reactions to hair colorants can occur for a very small number of people, in the same way that some individuals can react to a variety of foods and natural substances. Color allergies are far less common than food allergies.

Food allergies affect 1-55 of the general population

Allergic reactions to hair colorants including serious reactions is between 0.3 and 4.3% in every million products sold.

What safety assessments do hair colorants have to undergo?

Before any cosmetic product can be placed on the market in the Europe or the uSA it must undergo a very strict safety assessment by a qualified safety assessor. The assessment covers the safety of the finished product as well as each of the individual ingredients, taking into account how often and where the product is to be used and by whom ( home user, salon client, and hair salon professional).

The safety assessment is a legal requirement that must be kept by the manufacture and is open for inspection by law enforcers.

What are the different types of hair colorants?

The are three basic categories of hair colorants, depending on the color effect produced and how long the color lasts:

Temporary (SEMI)

Demi- Permanent

Oxidative / Permanent

Temporary hair colorants modify the color of the hair temporarily and are readily removed by washing. These products tend to be ready-to-use (no pre-mixing) and the color settles on the hair surface.

Semi-permanent hair colorants last longer than temporary hair colorants because they settle with in the natural scales of the hair cuticle. The color gradually fades with washing. The colorant does not lighten the natural hair color.

Oxidative / Permanent hair colorants consist of two groups  Both must be mixed with an oxidative liquid to create permanent effects. Oxidative hair colorants give the hair either "tone-on-tone color, referred to as Demi Permanent color or Permanent colorants that are resistant to washing and provide excellent gray hair coverage.

How do permanent oxidative colorants work?

The key ingredients are the oxidative precursors (such as PPD and phenylenediamines), the alkalizing agent (typically ammonia), the oxidative couplers and the oxidant (Hydrogen peroxide). The alkalizing agent to open the outer layer of the hair so the Oxidative precursors ( like PPD) can then enter the hair fiber itself and react with the oxidize couplers in the presence of the oxidant. This all takes place inside the hair fiber to form colored pigments which are too big to move out of the hair shaft so they remain in the hair providing the permanent color.

Are natural hair colorants safer?

NO. All cosmetic products must be safe and are subject to the same cosmetics legislation, including the safety assessment, irrespective of where the ingredients are sourced.

The body cannot differentiate between a natural or man-made substance.

If an ingredient is safe to use, it does not matter where it comes from. If an ingredient is not safe to use in cosmetics products it will be banned, whether it is natural or man-made.

Formulated to work where needed.

In order to get good mixing of the hair coloring mixture with developer, the developer and color need to be quite thin. However, thin products would run off the hair. To overcome this, gel networks form within the product on mixing to turn thinner products into thick and easy to apply final forms, that will not drip or run of the hair.

www.ctpa.org.uk.






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